forms
in reference to:"the statement shall identify the citizenship of all members. The statement shall supply similar details concerning the invocation of supplemental jurisdiction or other sources of jurisdiction."
- Rules (view on Google Sidewiki)
In a landmark July 2000 decision, the 9th Circuit ruled unanimously that police cannot give inferior services to disfavored groups, and that the Macias lawsuit against the Sheriff could proceed back in federal district. As such, that 9th Circuit ruling has created a constitutional cornerstone on women's rights to equal protection from law enforcement. The Macias decision now stands as law in the eleven western states of the 9th judicial district.
in reference to:"In a landmark July 2000 decision, the 9th Circuit ruled unanimously that police cannot give inferior services to disfavored groups, and that the Macias lawsuit against the Sheriff could proceed back in federal district. As such, that 9th Circuit ruling has created a constitutional cornerstone on women's rights to equal protection from law enforcement. The Macias decision now stands as law in the eleven western states of the 9th judicial district."
- Handbook - Part 1 - Six Principal Obstacles to Equal Protection and Justice for Women (view on Google Sidewiki)
Supreme Court Justice Brennan, in writing the minority dissent on the DeShaStaney case, spoke well to the gravity of the injustice that would be perpetrated by the decision. "My disagreement with the Court," Justice Brennan wrote, "arises from its failure to see that inaction can be every bit as abusive of power as action, that oppression can result when a State undertakes a vital duty and then ignores it."
in reference to: Handbook - Part 1 - Six Principal Obstacles to Equal Protection and Justice for Women (view on Google Sidewiki)Director of the Torts Branch, Civil Division, Department of Justice.
in reference to: Electronic Code of Federal Regulations: (view on Google Sidewiki)Despite ratifying the declaration, Nepal had failed to abide by Article 4-c which asserts the clear obligation of states to:
"Exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate and, in accordance with national legislation, punish acts of violence against women, whether those acts are perpetrated by the State or by private persons."[2]
Despite ratifying the declaration, Nepal had failed to abide by Article 4-c which asserts the clear obligation of states to:
"Exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate and, in accordance with national legislation, punish acts of violence against women, whether those acts are perpetrated by the State or by private persons."[2]
"Despite ratifying the declaration, Nepal had failed to abide by Article 4-c which asserts the clear obligation of states to: "Exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate and, in accordance with national legislation, punish acts of violence against women, whether those acts are perpetrated by the State or by private persons."[2]"
- Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (view on Google Sidewiki)
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
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The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
Created 1993
Ratified 20 December 1993
Purpose Women's rights
The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women was adopted without vote[1] by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 48/104 of 20 December 1993. Contained within it is the recognition of "the urgent need for the universal application to women of the rights and principles with regard to equality, security, liberty, integrity and dignity of all human beings".[2] The resolution is often seen as complementary to, and a strengthening of, the work of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.[3] It recalls and embodies the same rights and principles as those enshrined in such instruments as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Articles 1 and 2 provide the most widely used definition of violence against women.[4] As a consequence of the resolution, in 1999, the General Assembly, led by the representative from the Dominican Republic, designated 25 November as the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women.
Contents [hide]
1 Background
2 Definition of Violence Against Women
3 Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women
4 Problems
5 Campaigns
6 References
7 External links
[edit] Background
The international recognition that women have a right to a life free from violence is a recent one. Historically, their struggles with violence, and with the impunity that often protects the perpetrators, is linked with their fight to overcome discrimination. Since its founding the United Nations has concerned itself with the advancement of women's rights,[5] but did not specifically target the high rates of female targeted violence until 1993. One of the aims of the resolution was to overturn the prevailing governmental stance that violence against women was a private, domestic matter not requiring state intervention. To mark International Women's Day on 8 March 1993, General Secretary, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, issued a statement in preparation of the declaration explicitly outlining the UN's role in the 'promotion' and 'protection' of women's rights:
"The struggle for women's rights, and the task of creating a new United Nations, able to promote peace and the values which nurture and sustain it, are one and the same. Today - more than ever - the cause of women is the cause of all humanity."[6]
[edit] Definition of Violence Against Women
Articles 1 and 2 of the resolution provide the most widely used definition of violence against women.
Article One: For the purposes of this Declaration, the term "violence against women" means any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life.
Article Two: Violence against women shall be understood to encompass, but not be limited to, the following:
(a) Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry-related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women, non-spousal violence and violence related to exploitation;
(b) Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring within the general community, including rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment and intimidation at work, in educational institutions and elsewhere, trafficking in women and forced prostitution;
(c) Physical, sexual and psychological violence perpetrated or condoned by the State, wherever it occurs.[2]
[edit] Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women
As a consequence of the declaration on 4 March 1994, the Commission on Human Rights adopted Resolution 1994/45[7] in which it decided to appoint Radhika Coo
"occurring in public or in private life. Article Two: Violence against women shall be understood to"
- Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (view on Google Sidewiki)
...any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
– Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article
Rise and Fall of Constitutional Government
in reference to: http://www.claremont.org/repository/doclib/riseandfall.pdf (view on Google Sidewiki)State Center for Government
in reference to: http://www.claremont.org/projects/projectid.37/project_detail.asp (view on Google Sidewiki)websites for california budget, laws
in reference to:"n"
- http://www.flashreport.org/commentary0b.php?postID=2008102402361788 (view on Google Sidewiki)
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